Discoveries

Inside the Czech Quartet, 1928

In this project the Florian Ensemble attempted to understand an unfamiliar attitude to musical togetherness from the distant past. This blog is your in-depth guide to what we discovered!


In a process that would challenge the very foundations of our musical upbringing, we aimed to assimilate these musicians’ remarkable style of making music together. That sense of connection is our own passion, so trying to develop a ‘radically historical’ model of that sensation was an incredibly rewarding experience. The project required us to rethink all sorts of things, from our attitudes to notation, to instrumental technique, and ultimately to our ears and musical judgement(s).

If you listen to the example below, It immediately stands out that the Czech Quartet musicians did not experience ensemble in the same way that modern players (or listeners) do. But their playing is so beautifully crafted, so passionate, and so subtle, that it makes no sense to argue that modern styles of chamber music performance are ‘better’. They were simply working with radically different assumptions. So, our aim was to try and find out what made these players ‘tick’ when playing together, but not always ‘together’. What sorts of conventions, relationships, and priorities could give rise to music-making like this?

We worked in detail on just four movements: three by Antonin Dvořák and one by Joseph Suk (who was also the ensemble’s second violinist).

If you are interested to read more about the context for our work, you can access the full text of Chris’s PhD thesis here. As well as explaining these practical findings about one historical group, it looks at the philosophical and cultural implications of adopting such a different attitude to ensemble.

The blog itself will walk you through our discoveries, one by one. It’s recommended that you start from #1, as they build on each other in a way that shadows our gradually increasing understanding. The subtitle of each post will tell you which piece each is referring to, and the original recording and full score is always given at the top for help with orientation. Some posts will also include more detailed audio and score examples.

We hope you enjoy exploring this fascinating material with us!

  • Various musicians have experimented with the strikingly unfamiliar performance styles heard on early recordings. Sometimes this has been with the intention of making (almost) exact copies: Sigurd Slåttebrekk and Tony Harrison’s fascinating work from 2008 is a great example, which involved painstaking amounts of detailed listening, experimentation and technological wizardry. Our intention here was subtly different to theirs, partly for practical reasons, and partly for philosophical ones. We wanted to probe the dynamics of ensemble, and for this we felt that exact replication—typically involving lots of editing in post-production—would not be so interesting. We preferred a slightly looser process that acknowledged the vast distance between our musical upbringing on the one hand, and that of our historical subjects on the other.

    Our method was relatively simple, and was mainly grounded in a lot of listening. We tried hard not to get bogged down in labelling, or an approach that replaced the subtle dynamics of experience with a bunch of static ‘objects’ or ‘devices’ that were ‘applied’ to the scores. We discussed all sorts of things verbally, of course; but we were primarily interested in what it felt like to make music ‘together’ in this startlingly pre-modern way. This approach made it easier to grasp the subtleties of the Czech Quartet’s style—and to understand why capturing them was so difficult. Incidentally, it yielded ways of describing musical performance that are richly metaphorical, thus providing yet mroe evidence of music’s ‘lifelike’ qualities, and ability to model the dynamics of human experience.

    The insights set out below only scratch the surface of what we discovered in (only!) 12 hours of sessions. We had been familiar with these recordings for quite a few years, but made a conscious choice to confine this detailed archaeological process to a short, intense burst. Our efforts to embody this alien manner of playing meant we had to verbalise many things that normally go beneath the radar: aspects of performance that never usually need saying out loud because they are assimilated into the very foundations of a musician’s creative imagination. Sometimes the recorded results are quite rough, as you’ll hear. But it seemed much more interesting, in terms of finding things out, not to present a sanitized version, but actually to communicate the content of the process in all of its vulnerability.

    For all these reasons, the posts will often grapple with aspects of the performer’s experience that are not easily captured by the normal 'perspective' of discussions about classical music. Our disposition very rarely intersected with claims about the (alleged) characteristics of musical works. And we found that generalisations, abstractions, lists of ‘valid’ practices, or other black-and-white distinctions, were actively unhelpful. By grounding our approach in embodied experience, we were able to bypass some of those familiar contentions, and start to explore very different kinds of insight.

    The idea of going 'beyond abstraction' ultimately proved to be the crux of the whole project. It leads in some radical and rewarding directions, and many of these implications have yet to be explored. One of the most central is about the ideology of historicism in performance (usually referred to as 'HIP'). It is surely worth asking how far evidence of early recorded style, like that of the the Czech Quartet, has been treated in classical music’s court of opinion? Does that familiar historical-ethical grounding for critical response even have a coherent basis, given that this kind of evidence has been so roundly ignored?

    In the face of all sorts of competing claims for the territory of ‘how nineteenth century music ought to go’, then, we have taken a very different route. We do not propose that this research should lead anybody to police performance on the basis of the evidence. What we discovered here suggests something broader and more interesting: that almost every layer of classical music culture incentivises an attitude that, when one looks more closely, is essentially upside-down. The verbal trappings of classical culture persuade us to start ‘looking at’ music from the wrong end of the telescope, because it believes that the abstract ‘work’ is more real, more solid, more reliable, than musical experience. This makes sense up to a point. But if you look at it in enough detail it starts to fall apart.

    Historical evidence does not need to be a stick with which to beat performers. It can act as a stimulus not just to recovery of some sanctified, imaginary, 'original', but towards entirely different ways of thinking about music. Our project aimed to undermine the disembodied, abstract disposition towards musical objects that has been conventional since the 1800s. In the process, we hope to show how nonsensical it is to pose (and enforce) limits to creativity on that basis. Making these detailed insights available is a way of raising awareness of just how wide the possibilities are. Armed with that realisation, it is much easier to recognise the ideological limits that are both a brake on, and a misunderstanding of, the contribution that performers make to the meaning of music.

Original Czech Quartet recordings

Florian Experiments

Chris Terepin Chris Terepin

#88: Twin modes

Having become familiar with the idea of ‘tactile beats’, the next stage was to see it is as a capacity, and not as a blanket disposition. We eventually considered this to be one of two possible poles, for in other situations we found we needed the reliability and consistency afforded by a more ‘given’ beat concept. We imagined the latter state as ‘being the wheel’: in this mode, one lets the beat ‘tick along’, not necessarily always completely metronomically, but with the groove reminiscent of a rhythm section. It is a much cleaner sensation than the ‘plasticine’ concept discussed in previous posts: more straightforward, and perhaps more brittle. We found that ensemble roles could then be grounded in this newly-available spectrum of dispositions towards time.

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Chris Terepin Chris Terepin

#87: Perception of beats

By the end of the process we had much greater insight into the relationship between tonal intensity in the bow, and the feeling that the next beat ‘could’ always fall somewhere that was indistinct, distributed, and not pre-determined. It had been easy to revert to a very different, more ‘given’ concept of beat, even when one was ostensibly performing the same kinds of slides and rhythmic variations as the Czech Quartet. This shift in beat concept proved to be one of the most practical ways of overcoming modern ensemble conventions — conventions which could be surprisingly resilient, even when multifarious historical ‘devices’ were more consciously in play.

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Chris Terepin Chris Terepin

#86: Is it possible to focus on ‘felt emotion’?

An important question that has been lurking throughout these posts is whether it is possible for modern players to embody these early recorded sounds fully enough that genuinely felt emotion can start to take the place of self-conscious experimentation (with performance style ‘features’). How far could we keep hold of this unfamiliar manner while also trying to recast it as emergent from ‘real’ feelings of our own? Was it possible to channel C.P.E. Bach’s notion of the performer ‘letting themselves be moved’ by the music, even in an idiom that was so unusual to us?

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Chris Terepin Chris Terepin

#85: Intermediate re-parameterisation

In an effort to mitigate the problem of too many concerns being held in awareness, on occasion we temporarily focused conscious attention on single ‘dimensions’ of our playing. The obvious pair of candidates for such ‘streamlining’ were tone and timing. And so we tried one version that deliberately directed attention towards ‘when we play, not so much how…’ This intermediate tactic emerged organically out of rehearsal conversation, rather than being a pre-planned exercise.

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Chris Terepin Chris Terepin

#84: Description privileges singular reductions

Overly concrete descriptions of the Czech Quartet’s performances risked neglecting the extent to which tone (and its specific affective qualities) was always in flux — to such an extent that we found it was resistant, in practice, to singular ‘re-presentational’ descriptions. In certain places we thought we had found exactly the right kind of tension. But in such cases it was sometimes tempting to double down on that success, and to ‘hold onto’ that tone for an artificially long time. In fact, we needed to let that feeling pass much more quickly when it was no longer demanded by the context, and always be ready to allow one’s sound to transform (itself) into something different in the next moment.

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Chris Terepin Chris Terepin

#83: Breathing and (un)familiarity

Building our expressivity around the breath made a vast difference to how close we were able to get to the Czech Quartet’s ‘feel’ for ensemble, if not necessarily to the specific performance they recorded. When playing in this way, we had noticed that we were generally more likely to ‘hold onto’ our breathing, and to become physically tighter. This may be related to our attention being focused on executing novel — and thus comparatively pre-planned, or consciously considered — gestures. Simply noticing this tendency was enough to give our playing a more ‘synthesised’ feeling; not in the sense of being more ‘structural’, but in the way our individual gestures had greater continuity, and were more contextual and responsive.

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Chris Terepin Chris Terepin

#82: ‘Grammatical’ details

The Czech Quartet viola player completely changes persona between b.1-2 — where he is a thoughtful, imaginative orator — and b.3, when he becomes a supportive harmonic pivot. This transition has a delightfully grammatical quality: the bow makes an ‘envelope’ that hands over responsibility in a manner that is simultaneously distinct and flowing, rather like a semicolon, and which sees him arrive at a gentler, less ‘present’ sound quality precisely at the moment at which his colleagues enter. This is another example of how one can show with a kind of integrated trajectory — in this case, that related to the last note’s intensity — when another player’s phrase has to begin.

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Chris Terepin Chris Terepin

#81: Inégale is often intrinsically connected to structural rubato

It is time to deal with the seed that was planted in #65, about there ultimately being no hard distinction between inégale and tempo change. (It should be noted that this is a practical observation derived from experience, rather than an analytical or empirical one). In b.14, the timing of the local rhythmic figures in beats 2 and 3 in the inner parts — a telling lingering on each of the melodic quavers, with a spring-back in the final semiquaver — was particularly interesting because it does not slow the overall tempo, but still imbues the bar with a feeling of heaviness. We found that inégale often gave rise to a productive contradiction between ‘affect’ and the more obvious conclusions that one might extrapolate, for instance from measuring timing profiles.

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Chris Terepin Chris Terepin

#80: Change over time in perception of listening

Our experience of the Czech Quartet’s sound production sometimes changed quite significantly over time. This was especially true when we were experimenting with our instruments in parallel with our listening, and coming back to one recording after time spent with another. These re-evaluations generally tended towards greater focus and core — as in the opening viola statement of the Meditation. The initial ‘softness’ of contact was potentially misleading: we had sometimes read into their tone a more diffuse, silvery body than was actually the case, on the basis of that initial articulation.

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Chris Terepin Chris Terepin

#79: Initial misconception in pitting detail against specificity

We usually felt better equipped to record immediately after doing detailed ‘detective work’ on particular passages. I had expected the opposite. In retrospect, that expectation was derived from the faulty assumption that detailed work would likely be somewhat ‘left hemisphere’ in character. (See thesis Chapter 1). In fact, because we were encountering such unique sounds, and because our manner of relating to them had to be so direct – if often heavily metaphorical – we found it relatively easy to go from that exploration into committed takes of our own.

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